Landmarks: Biochemistry
  • XVII. C. Some Major Steps in the Development of Tetrapyrrole Analytical Techniques

    In this historical section, emphasis is placed on the development of analytical techniques that had a clear impact on the understanding of the structure and function of intermediates and end-products of the porphyrin and Chl biosynthetic pathways.
    1. 1945: Jope and O'Brien determined the spectral absorption and fluorescence properties of coproporphyrin (Copro)I and III.
    2. 1950: Rimington and Sveinsson, developed a spectrophotometric method for the determination of uroporphyrin (Uro).
    3. 1950: Koski, derived simultaneous equations for the determination of Pchl(ide) and Chl a and b by absorbance spectroscopy, in unsegregated extracts.
    4. 1951: Nicolas and Rimington completed the development of a paper chromatographic technique for the separation of porphyrins with 2-8 carboxyl groups.
    5. 1956: Dresel and Falk, developed a method for the separation of Uro, Copro and protoprphyrin IX (Proto), by solvent partition.
    6. 1966: Seliskar developed a thin-layer chromatographic technique fo the separation of fully esterified and monocarboxylic tetrapyrroles.
    7. 1975:Rebeiz et al, developed spectrofluorometric techniques for the detection and quantitative determination of Proto and Pchl(ide) a formation in greening tissues.
    8. 1977:Smith and Rebeiz,, developed spectrofluorometric techniques for the detection of Mg-porphyrins in the presence of Zn-porphyrins.
    9. 1979: Bazzaz and Rebeiz, developed very sensitive analytical techniques for the quantitative determination of Chls and pheophyrin and Chlides and Pheophorbides by spectrofluorometry in unsegrated mixtures.
    10. 1982: Daniell and Rebeiz, described a cell-free system capable of the massive conversion of ALA to Pchlide a.
    11. 1982: Daniell and Rebeiz, described a cell-free system capable of the massive conversion of ALA to Chl a in the light.
    12. 1984:Rebeiz et al, described the coupling of Chl a accumulation to thylakoid assembly in vitro.
    13. 1985: Tripathy and Rebeiz, Developed spectrofluorometric equations for the quantitative determination of MV and DV Mg-porphyrins and MV and DV Pchl(ides).
    14. 1988: Rebeiz et al, Developed equations for the determination of precursor-product relationships, in vivo, and in vitro.
    15. 1989: Wu et al, developed spectrofluorometric equations for the quantitative determination of DV and MV chlorophyll(ide) a and b .
    16. 1992: Shedbalkar and Rebeiz, determined the molar exctinction coefficients of DV Chl a and b and their pheophytins.
    17. 1995: Parham and Rebeiz, developed an assay for [4-vinyl] Chlide a reductase using exogenous DV Chlide a.
    18. 1997: Ioannides et al, Developed spectrofluorometric equations for the quantitative determination of MV Phl(ide) b.
    19. 2004: Kopetz et al, developed analytical tools for probing the relationship of Chl biosynthesis and the topography of photosynthetic membranes

    References

    1. Jope E. M. and O'Brien (1980). Spectral absorption properties and fluorescence of coproporphyrin Isomers I and III and the melting-points of their methyl esters. Biochem. J. 39: 239-245.
    2. Rimington, C. and Sveinsson, S. L. (1950). The spectrophotometric determination of uroporphyrin. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 2: 209-216.
    3. Koski, V. M. (1950). Chlorophyll formation in seddlings of Zea mays L. Arch. Biochem. 29: 339-343.
    4. Nicholas R. E. H. and Rimington, C. (1951). Paper chromatography of porphyrins: Some hitherto unrecognized porphyrins and further notes on the method. Biochem. J. 48: 306-309.
    5. Dresel, E. I. B. and Falk, J. E. (1956). Studies on the biosynthesis of blood pigments. 2. Haem and porphyrin formation in intact chicken erythrocytes. Biochem. J. 63: 72-79
    6. Seliskar, C. (1966). Separation of phytylated and non-phytylated chlorophylls by thin-layer chromatogrphy. Anal. Biochem. 17: 174-177.
    7. Rebeiz, C. A., Smith, B. B., Mattheis, J. R. , Rebeiz, C. C. and Dayton, D. F. (1975). Chloroplast biogenesis. Biosynthesis and accumulation of protochlorophyll by isolated etioplasts and developing chloroplasts. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 171: 549-567
    8. Smith, B. B. and Rebeiz, C. A. Spectrofluorometric determination of Mg-protoporphyrin monoester and longer wavelength metalloporphyrins in the presence of Zn-protoporphyrin. Photochem. Photobiol. 26:527-532.
    9. Bazzaz, M. B. and C. A. Rebeiz. Chloroplast culture V. Spectrofluorometric determination of chlorophyll(ide) a and b and pheophytin (or pheophorbide) a and b in unsegregated pigment mixtures. Photochem. Photobiol. 30:709-721.
    10. Daniell, H. and Rebeiz, C. A. (1982). Chloroplast Culture VIII. A new effect of kinetin in enhancing the synthesis and accumulation of protochlorophyllide in vitro. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 104: 837-843.
    11. Daniell, H. and Rebeiz, C. A. (1982). Chloroplast culture IX. Chlorophyll(ide) a biosynthesis in vitro at rates higher than in vivo. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 106: 466-470.
    12. Rebeiz, C. A., Montazer-Zouhoor, A. and Daniell, H. (1984). Chloroplast Culture X: Thylakoids Assembly In vitro. Israel J. Botany 33: 225-235.
    13. Tripathy, B. and Rebeiz, C. A. (1985). Chloroplast biogenesis: Quantitative determination of monovinyl and divinyl Mg protoporphyrins and protochlorophyll(ides) by spectrofluorometry. Anal. Biochem. 149: 43-61.
    14. Rebeiz, C. A., Mayasich, J. M., and Tripathy., B. C. (1988), Chloroplast Biogenesis 61: Kinetic analysis of precursor-product relationships in complex biosynthetic pathways. J. Theor. Biol. 133: 319-326.
    15. Wu, S. M., Mayasich, J. M. and Rebeiz, C. A. (1989). Chloroplast Biogenesis: Quantitative determination of monovinyl and divinyl Chlorophyll(ide) a and b by spectrofluorometry. Anal. Biochem. 178: 294-300.
    16. Shedbalkar, V. P. and Rebeiz, C. A. Chloroplast Biogenesis: Determination of the molar extinction coefficients of divinyl chlorophyll a and b and their pheophytins. Anal. Biochem. 207: 261-266.
    17. Parham R. and Rebeiz, C. A. (1995). Chloroplast Biogenesis 72: A [4-vinyl Chlorophyllide a Assay Using Divinyl Chlorophyllide a as an Exogenous substrate. Anal. Biochem. 231: 164-169.
    18. Ioannides, M. I. Shedbalkar, V. P. and Rebeiz, C. A. (1997). Quantitative determination of 2-monovinyl protochlorphyll(ide) b by spectrofluorometry. Anal. Biochem. 249: 241-244.
    19. Kopetz, K. K., Kolossov, V. L., and Rebeiz, C. A. (2004). Chloroplast Biogenesis 89: Development of analytical tools for probing the biosynthetic topography of photosynthetic membranes by determination of resonance excitation energy transfer distances separating metabolic tetrapyrrole donors from chlorophyll a acceptors. Anal. Biochem. 329:207-219

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